Effect of Reiki Therapy on Blood Pressure and Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults: A Clinical Trial.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes Reiki therapy as a form of therapy within the classification of alternative therapies. Recently, a growing interest regarding the implementation of Reiki therapy in patient care relating to the field of nursing has been detected; however, there are few scientifically rigorous studies that support this. Objective: To determine the effect of Reiki therapy on blood pressure (BP) and alcohol consumption in young adults with hypertension, in two urban communities in northern of Mexico. Methodology: A randomized and controlled clinical trial, with an equivalent experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). Longitudinal design of repeated parallel measurements and triple-blind masking. Results: The averages of the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) of EG. vs. CG in the test vs. retest were: 109.91 ± 2.3 vs. 111.19 ± 3.3 (P = .140) and retest: 97.00 ± 4.9 vs. 110.94 ± 2.9 (P = .001). In alcohol consumption at test: 11.00 ± 2.9 vs. 11.54 ± 2.8 (P = .527) and at retest: 8.83 ± 1.02 vs. 11.83 ± 1.92 (P = .001). In the ANOVA analysis for the EG, the MAP decrease between measurements 1 and 2; and 1 and 3 (P = .001). Regarding alcohol consumption, there was no difference between measurements 1 and 2 nor in measurements 2 and 3. There was only a significant difference between measurements 1 and 3 (P = .015). Conclusion: The results obtained confirmed our hypothesis of the research, since the EG had a significant effect on the decrease of the MAP and alcohol consumption after 21 sessions of Reiki therapy intervention.

Conducta promotora de salud sexual en adolescentes: propuesta de teoría de situación específica / Promovendo comportamentos de saúde sexual em adolescentes: proposta de uma teoria situação específica / Promoting behavior of sexual health in adolescents: proposal for a specific situation theory

Sexual risk behaviors in adolescents can lead to problems in the short or long term, so itis essential for the nursing professional to direct preventive actions in this group, as well as to havetheories of a specific situation that guide the care of this population. Objective: to develop a specifictheory that provides the nursing professional with the bases to guide practice in the care of adolescents with risky sexual behavior and thereby promote risk-free sexual behavior. Methodology: aspecific situation theory was developed under the proposed method of Fawcett's theoretical subtraction and supported by the Nola Pender Health Promotion Model. Results: the Theory of SpecificSituation behavior promoting sexual health in adolescents is shown. Conclusions: the Theory ofSpecific Situation promoting behavior of sexual health in adolescents offers the opportunity to consider the concepts that allow to generate promoting behaviors in sexual health of the adolescentpopulation that ensures living a full and safe sexuality under a context of support from nursing.(AU)

Las conductas sexuales de riesgo en adolescentes pueden derivar problemáticas a cortoo a largo plazo, por lo que es indispensable para el profesional de enfermería encaminar accionespreventivas en este grupo, así como contar con teorías de situación específica que guíen el cuidadode esta población. Objetivo: desarrollar una teoría específica que brinde al profesional de enfermeríalas bases para guiar la práctica en la atención de los adolescentes con conductas sexuales de riesgoy con ello favorecer a una conducta sexual libre de riesgos. Metodología: se desarrolló una teoría de situación específica bajo el método propuesto de substracción teórica de Fawcett y sustentada conel Modelo de Promoción de la Salud de Nola Pender. Resultados: se muestra la Teoría de SituaciónEspecífica conducta promotora de salud sexual en adolescentes. Conclusiones: la Teoría de Situación Específica conducta promotora de salud sexual en adolescentes ofrece la oportunidad de considerar los conceptos que permiten generar conductas promotoras en salud sexual de la poblaciónadolescente que asegure vivir una sexualidad plena y segura bajo un contexto de apoyo por partede enfermería.(AU)

Os comportamentos sexuais de risco em adolescentes podem acarretar problemas a curtoou longo prazo, por isso é fundamental que o profissional de enfermagem direcione ações preventivas neste grupo, bem como tenha teorias de uma situação específica que orientem o cuidado destepopulação. . Objetivo: desenvolver uma teoria específica que forneça ao profissional de enfermagemas bases para nortear a prática no cuidado ao adolescente com comportamento sexual de risco e,assim, promover o comportamento sexual livre de risco. Metodologia: desenvolveu-se uma teoriasituacional específica sob o método proposto de subtração teórica de Fawcett e apoiado no Modelode Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender. Resultados: apresenta-se a Teoria da Situação Específica docomportamento promotor da saúde sexual em adolescentes. Conclusões: a Teoria da Situação Específica de comportamentos promotores de saúde sexual em adolescentes oferece a oportunidade deconsiderar os conceitos que permitem gerar comportamentos promotores de saúde sexual da população adolescente que assegurem viver uma sexualidade plena e segura num contexto de apoio daenfermagem.(AU)

La persona con enfermedad renal crónica: una revisión sistemática de las intervenciones de salud / Experience of the caregiver trained in peritoneal dialysis during the hospitalization of chronic kidney patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen intervenciones enfocadas a la educación y capacitación de las personas con enfermedad renal crónica sin embargo, muchas de ellas fragmentan a la persona al considerar sólo el incremento de conocimientos y/o conductas, por lo que al no existir una atención integral no se logran cambios favorables. OBJETIVO: identificar los aspectos teóricos y metodológicos considerados en el diseño e implementación de intervenciones de salud para las personas con enfermedad renal. METODOLOGÍA: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática a través de las bases de datos Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud y PubMed, analizando artículos en idioma inglés y español que hayan implementado una intervención a las personas con enfermedad renal crónica. RESULTADOS: De un total de 218 artículos arrojados por las bases de datos sólo fueron seleccionadas 28 publicaciones. Para su análisis se consideró el tamaño de la muestra, el diseño y enfoque teórico de la intervención, los principales resultados y conclusiones. Existen investigaciones que involucran el aspecto psicológico, particularmente el área motivacional como eje central en el cambio conductual y consideran a Bandura como referente teórico, lo cual otorga mejoras en las conductas de salud de las personas con enfermedad renal. CONCLUSIONES: Una intervención con bases teóricas definidas puede contribuir a la prevención en salud con un bajo costo y alto impacto en los estilos de vida de las personas. Además de ser un gran aporte al conocimiento de educación en salud y a la profesión como ciencia

INTRODUCTION: The caregiver trained in peritoneal dialysis of the patient with chronic kidney disease must face the challenges of patient care, in addition to what is related to the performance of the dialysis therapy technique. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experience of the caregiver trained in peritoneal dialysis during hospitalization of chronic renal patients. Material and METHOD: Qualitative phenomenological approach in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 trained caregivers of relatives who were hospitalized in a health institution belonging to the renal unit. For the analysis and interpretation of the data, the ATLAS.ti program was used, which allowed coding, creating categories and subcategories. RESULTS: Of the caregivers trained in peritoneal dialysis, 9 were women and 1 man, 6 in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis modality, 4 in automated peritoneal dialysis, 5 were admitted to the hospitalization service due to an infectious cause and 5 due to complications of the pathology. 527 citations were obtained from the different codes, resulting in 2 categories and 6 subcategories, which were: emotional exhaustion, physical exhaustion, psychological exhaustion, spiritual strength, lack of quality of services and development of care. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of the caregiver trained in peritoneal dialysis, during the hospitalization of chronic kidney disease, is that an overload is assumed affecting physical, psychological and emotional health, usually being compensated with the spiritual sphere. The skill of the trained caregiver in the hospitalization period and the lack of specialization of the health team are identified

Percepción del adolescente ante la conducta adictiva del padre de familia alcohólico / Perception of the adolescent before the addictive behavior of the alcoholic parent / Percepção do adolescente diante do comportamento obsessivo do pai alcoolista

OBJETIVO: comprender la percepción del adolescente ante la conducta adictiva del padre de familia alcohólico. METODOLOGÍA: investigación de tipo cualitativo y analítico, realizada de septiembre 2016-mayo 2017, con una N=12 adolescentes. Para la recolecta de los datos se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada "Percepción del adolescente ante la conducta adictiva del padre alcohólico". El procedimiento del estudio comprendió la aplicación de una entrevista individualizada, la redacción y análisis a través de la Teoría Fundamentada de los Datos. RESULTADOS: establecimiento de 4 categorías a través de códigos axiales como una definición propia del fenómeno de estudio y representación simbólica asociada a la percepción del adolescente ante la conducta adictiva del padre alcohólico. CONCLUSIONES: se puede interpretar que dentro de la cultura mexicana está permitido y bien aceptado el consumo de alcohol, lo que fomenta en las generaciones jóvenes la concepción de que el consumo de alcohol es algo "normal"

OBJECTIVE: understand the adolescent's perception of the addictive behavior of the alcoholic parent. METHODOLOGY: qualitative and analytical research, carried out from September 2016 to May 2017, with N=12 adolescents. For the data collection, was used the semi-structured interview "Perception of the adolescent before the addictive behavior of the alcoholic father". The study procedure included the application of an individualized interview, writing and analysis through the Grounded Theory of Data. RESULTS: establishment of 4 categories through axial codes as a proper definition of the phenomenon of study and symbolic representation associated with the adolescent's perception of the addictive behavior of the alcoholic father. CONCLUSIONS: it can be interpreted that within the mexican culture the consumption of alcohol is allowed and well accepted, which fosters in young generations the conception that the consumption of alcohol is something "normal"

OBJETIVO: compreender a percepção do adolescente sobre o comportamento aditivo do pai alcoolista. METODOLOGIA: Pesquisa qualitativa e analítica, realizada de setembro de 2016 a maio de 2017, com N = 12 adolescentes. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se o entrevista semiestruturada "Percepção do adolescente antes do comportamento aditivo do pai alcoolista". O procedimento do estudo incluiu a aplicação de entrevista individualizada, escrita e análise por meio da Grounded Theory of Data. RESULTADOS: o estabelecimento de 4 categorias por meio de códigos axiais como definição adequada do fenômeno de estudo e representação simbólica associado à percepção do adolescente sobre o comportamento aditivo do pai alcoolista. CONCLUSÕES: pode-se interpretar que dentro da cultura mexicana o consumo de álcool é permitido e bem aceito, o que estimula nas gerações jovens a concepção de que o consumo de álcool é algo "normal"

Auriculoterapia como cuidado de enfermería para disminuir el consumo de marihuana y cocaína* / Auriculotherapy as nursing care to decrease the consumption of marijuana and cocaine / Auriculoterapia como cuidado de enfermagem na diminuição do consumo de maconha e cocaína / xxx

OBJETIVO: comprobar la efectividad de la auriculoterapia como cuidado de enfermería en la disminución del consumo de marihuana y cocaína en el adulto joven. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio cuantitativo, correlacional y aplicado con un diseño pre-experimental, longitudinal y prolectivo. n=10 individuos. Se utilizó el SPSS v.17., aplicándose prueba Z para dos proporciones relacionadas y Wilcoxon (p<0.05; IC 95%). RESULTADOS: el consumo de cocaína mostró una p=<0.05 con un IC del 95%, concluyendo que la auriculoterapia es efectiva en la disminución del consumo de cocaína en el adulto joven. CONCLUSIONES: el consumo de drogas psicoactivas tiene la necesidades de ser abordado desde diferentes enfoque del cuidado.

OBJETIVO:comprovar a efetividade da auriculoterapia como cuidado de enfermagem na diminuição do consumo de maconha e cocaína em adultos jovens. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: estudo quantitativo, correlacional e aplicado com desenho pré-experimental, longitudinal e proletivo. n=10 indivíduos. Fue utilizado o SPSS v.1, aplicando-se a prova Z para duas proporções relacionadas e Wilcoxon (p<0.05; IC 95%). RESULTADOS: o consumo de cocaína resultou em p=<0.05 com IC de 95%, concluindo-se que a auriculoterapia é efetiva na diminuição do consumo de cocaína em adultos jovens. CONCLUSÕES: o consumo de drogas psicoativas deve ser abordado a partir de diferentes enfoques do cuidado.

OBJECTIVE: to check the effectiveness of auriculotherapy as nursing care in decreasing consumption of marijuana and cocaine in young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: quantitative, correlational and applied studio with a pre-experimental, longitudinal and prolective design. n=10 individuals. Was used the SPSS v.17, applying Z test for two related proportions and Wilcoxon. (p<0.05, IC 95%). RESULTS: the cocaine use showed a p=<0.05 with a IC of 95%, concluding that ear acupuncture is effective in the reducing cocaine use in young adults. CONCLUSIONS: the use of psychoactive drugs has the needs to be addressed from different care approach.

Cuidado cultural familiar al paciente diabético que consume alcohol y/o tabaco / Cuidado cultural familiar ao paciente diabético que consome álcool e/ou tabaco / Cultural family care to diabetic patients who consumed alcohol and/or tobacco

Objetivo: Comprender el cuidado cultural que la familia proporciona al paciente diabético que consume alcohol y/o tabaco. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo y analítico, se realizó análisis de discurso, con una muestra final de 9 sujetos con Diabetes; los datos se recolectaron a partir de la encuesta "Cuidado cultural familiar al paciente diabético que consume alcohol y/o tabaco" aplicándose a través de un grupo focal. Los datos personales se analizaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS v.17.0 y en los datos cualitativos se analizaron con base en la Teoría Fundamentada de los Datos. Resultados: El fenómeno encontrado es cuidado familiar óptimo e integral, que se manifiesta por una excelente expresión conductual y verbal, aunado a sentimientos de gratitud por parte del individuo. Conclusión: El cuidado que los familiares proporcionan al paciente diabético a nivel emocional, social, físico y espiritual es funda-mental para fortalecer la disposición en el apego al tratamiento, y para afrontar el duelo por la pérdida de un estilo de vida (AU)

Objetivo: Compreender o cuidado cultural que a família proporciona ao paciente diabéti-co que consome álcool e/ou tabaco. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, analítico, que utilizou análise de discurso, com 9 partici-pantes com diabete. Os dados foram coletados com base no instrumento "Cuidado cultural familiar al paciente diabético que consume al-cohol y/o tabaco" por meio de grupo focal. Os dados pessoais foram analisados com o pacote estatístico SPSS v.17.0 e os dados qualitativos foram analisados com base na Teoria Fundamentada em Dados. Resultados: O fenômeno encontrado é o cuidado familiar ótimo e integral, que se manifesta por uma excelente expressão de conduta e verbal, somando a sentimentos de gratidão por parte do indivíduo. Conclusão: O cuidado que os familiares proporcionam ao paciente diabético nos níveis emocional, social, físico e espiritual é funda-mental para fortalecer a disposição de apego ao tratamento e para afrontar o duelo pela perda de um estilo de vida (AU)

Objective: Understand the cultural care provided by family to the diabetic patient consuming the alcohol and/or tobacco. Methodology: Analytical and qualitative study, we conducted analysis of speech, with a final sample of 9 subjects with Diabetes; the data collected from the survey "Cultural family care to diabetic patients who consumed alcohol and/or tobacco" to apply through a focus group. The personal data were analysed using the statistical package SPSS v.17.0 and the qualitative data were analyzed based on the Grounded of Data Theory. Results: The phenomenon found is an optimal and comprehensive family care, which manifests itself by na excellent behavioral ex-pression and verbal, coupled with feelings of gratitude by the individual. Conclusion: The family care provided to diabetic patients an emotional, social, physical and spiritual level is essential to strengthen the provision in adherence to treatment, and to face the mourning by the loss of a lifestyle (AU)

Apoyo educativo y patrón de vida en el paciente con tratamiento de hemodiálisis / Educational support and pattern-of-life in the patient treated with hemodialysis

Introducción: Actualmente el número creciente de personas en tratamiento de hemodiálisis aunado al incremento de incidencia de complicaciones agudas, pone de manifiesto implementar estrategias que favorezcan conductas o hábitos saludables disminuyendo las consecuencias personales, familiares y gastos institucionales. Objetivos: Determinar la influencia del apoyo educativo de enfermería en el patrón de vida del paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica en tratamiento de hemodiálisis. Metodología: Estudio pre-experimental donde participaron 22 pacientes en hemodiálisis, se diseñó y ejecutó un programa educativo bajo el referente teórico de Orem con enfoque en tres dimensiones: Responsabilidad en Salud, Alimentación e Higiene, consistió en diez sesiones de media hora dos veces por semana durante la primera hora de tratamiento del paciente. Resultados: Edad promedio de 36.4 ± 16.7 años, con igual distribución tanto para hombres como mujeres (n=11); el 68.1% (n=15) de los pacientes son económicamente activos, reportando un tiempo promedio de 20.6 ± 15.6 meses de tratamiento en hemodiálisis. Se obtuvo un valor de mediana en la fase de pre-intervención de 92 y, de 107.5 en la fase post-intervención. Con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambas de p<0.001. Conclusión: El 100% de los sujetos mantiene un patrón de vida protector, lo que sugiere que el Apoyo Educativo de Enfermería aumenta el patrón de vida del paciente con tratamiento de hemodiálisis. Lo que hace trascendente el papel de enfermería en la promoción de conductas generadoras de salud (AU)

Introduction: The increase in the number of persons in hemodialysis treatment, together with the greater incidence of acute complications, illustrate the necessity of designing strategies that emphasize the promotion of health-generating behavior in these patients, reducing the consequences personal, family and institutional costs. Aims: To determine the influence of educational support provided by the nursing professional on the pattern-of-life of the patient with hemodialysis treatment. Methodology: A pre-experimental study was conducted on 22 patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. An educational program based on the Orem theoretical reference was designed and put into practice, concentrating on three aspects: responsibility in relation to health, hygiene, and diet. The program consisted of a total of ten half-hour sessions, each one given twice a week for a period of five weeks during the patient’s first hour of hemodialysis treatment. Results: The mean age of the patients was 36.4 ± 16.7 years. A total of 68.1% (n=15) of the patients were economically active, and the mean time of the patient in the hemodialysis treatment program was 20.6 ± 15.6 months. The median questionnaire score was 92 in the pre-intervention phase and 107.5 in the post-intervention phase. With a statistically significant difference of p<0.001. Conclusion: One hundred percent of the subjects maintained a protective pattern-of-life, suggesting that educational support provided by the nursing professional increased the pattern-of-life score of the patients treated with hemodialysis (AU)

Estilo de vida promotor de la salud y asertividad en trabajadores universitarios / Estilo de vida promotor da saúde e assertividade em trabalhadores universitários / Health-promoting lifestyle y assertiveness in university workers

Objective. The work sought to analyze the health-promoting lifestyle variables, assertiveness, and their relation to health condition in university workers. Methods. This was a correlational study with the participation of 112 workers selected through census-type random sampling. To gather information, a form was used that included sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data, in addition to the health-promoting lifestyle scale by Walker et al., and the Assertiveness Questionnaire by Lazarus and Folkman. Results. Participants ranged between 24 and 72 years of age (mean = 45), 61.6% were women, 49.1% worked the day shift, and 59.8% worked as teaching staff. With respect to health problems diagnosed: 17.0% had high blood pressure, 4.5% type II diabetes mellitus, and 4.5% suffer both diseases; 46.4% were found with overweight condition and 23.9% with some degree of obesity. The general index of health-promoting lifestyle was of 39.2 points (medium level) and assertiveness of 74.5 points (high level). A positive and significant relationship was found between assertiveness and the general index of the health-promoting lifestyle (r=0.22, p<0.05) and the dimensions of spiritual development (r =0.35, p<0.01) and interpersonal relations (r =0.29, p<0.01). Likewise, glucose level, one of the parameters of the health condition, was inversely related to the health-promoting lifestyle (r =-0.20, p<0.05) and to the dimensions of physical activity (r =-0.24, p <0.01) and stress management (r=-0.24, p<0.01). Conclusion. The findings show the relationship between the health-promoting lifestyle and assertiveness in university workers studied, which justifies the design of educational interventions from nursing aimed at improving these aspects.

Objetivo. Analizar las variables estilo de vida promotor de la salud, asertividad y su relación con el estado de salud en trabajadores universitarios. Métodos. Estudio correlacional en el que participaron 112 trabajadores seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio tipo censo. Para la toma de información se utilizó un formulario que incluyó datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos y clínicos, además de la escala de estilo de vida promotor de la salud de Walker et al. y del cuestionario de asertividad de Lazarus y Folkman. Resultados. Los participantes tenían entre 24 y 72 años de edad (Media=45), 61.6% fueron mujeres, 49.1% laboraba en el turno matutino y 59.8% se desempeñaba como docente. Con respecto a los problemas de salud diagnosticados, 17.0% presentó hipertensión arterial; 4.5%, diabetes mellitus II, y 4.5% padecía ambas enfermedades; 46.4% se encontró en nivel de sobrepeso y 23.9% en algún grado de obesidad. En el índice general de estilo de vida promotor de la salud fue de 39.2 puntos (nivel medio) y asertividad de 74.5 puntos (nivel alto); se encontró relación positiva y significativa entre la asertividad y el índice general del estilo de vida promotor de la salud (r=0.22, p<0.05) y las dimensiones de desarrollo espiritual (r=0.35, p<0.01) y de relaciones interpersonales (r=0.29, p<0.01). Asimismo, la cifra de glucosa, uno de los parámetros del estado de salud, se relacionó de manera inversa con el estilo de vida promotor de la salud (r=-0.20, p<0.05) y con las dimensiones de actividad física (r=-0.24, p<0.01) y de manejo del estrés (r=-0.24, p<0.01).Conclusión. Los hallazgos muestran la relación que existe entre el estilo de vida promotor de la salud y la asertividad en trabajadores universitarios estudiados, por lo que se justifica el diseño de intervenciones educativas de enfermería tendientes a mejorar estos aspectos.

Objetivo. Analisar as variáveis estilo de vida promotor da saúde, assertividade e sua relação com o estado de saúde em trabalhadores universitários. Métodos. Estudo correlacional no qual participaram 112 trabalhadores selecionados por amostra aleatória tipo censo. Para a toma de informação se utilizou um formulário que incluiu dados sócio-demográficos, antropométricos e clínicos, ademais da escala de estilo de vida promotor da saúde de Walker et al. e do questionário de assertividade de Lazarus e Folkman. Resultados. Os participantes tinham entre 24 e 72 anos de idade (Media=45), 61.6% foram mulheres, 49.1% trabalhavam no turno matutino e 59.8% se desempenhava como docente. Com respeito aos problemas de saúde diagnosticados: 17.0% apresentaram hipertensão arterial, 4.5% diabetes mellitus II e 4.5% padecem ambas doenças, 46.4% se encontrou em nível de sobrepeso e 23.9% em algum grau de obesidade. O índice geral de estilo de vida promotor da saúde foi de 39.2 pontos (nível médio) e assertividade de 74.5 pontos (nível alto), se encontrou relação positiva e significativa entre a assertividade e o índice geral de estilo de vida promotor da saúde (r=0.22, p<0.05) e as dimensões de desenvolvimento espiritual (r=0.35, p<0.01) e de relações interpessoais (r=0.29, p<0.01). Assim mesmo, a cifra de glicose, um dos parâmetros do estado de saúde, se relacionou de maneira inversa com o estilo de vida promotor da saúde (r=-0.20, p<0.05) e com as dimensões de atividade física (r=-0.24, p<0.01) e de manejo do estresse (r=-0.24, p<0.01).Conclusão. Os resultados mostram a relação que existe entre o estilo de vida promotor da saúde e a assertividade em trabalhadores universitários estudados, pelo que se justifica o desenho de intervenções educativas de enfermagem tendentes a melhorar estes aspectos.

Health-promoting lifestyle and assertiveness in university workers.

OBJECTIVES: The work sought to analyze the health-promoting lifestyle variables, assertiveness, and their relation to health condition in university workers. METHODS: This was a correlational study with the participation of 112 workers selected through census-type random sampling. To gather information, a form was used that included sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data, in addition to the health-promoting lifestyle scale by Walker et al., and the Assertiveness Questionnaire by Lazarus and Folkman. RESULTS: Participants ranged between 24 and 72 years of age (mean = 45), 61.6% were women, 49.1% worked the day shift, and 59.8% worked as teaching staff. With respect to health problems diagnosed: 17.0% had high blood pressure, 4.5% type II diabetes mellitus, and 4.5% suffer both diseases; 46.4% were found with overweight condition and 23.9% with some degree of obesity. The general index of health-promoting lifestyle was of 39.2 points (medium level) and assertiveness of 74.5 points (high level). A positive and significant relationship was found between assertiveness and the general index of the health-promoting lifestyle (r = 0.22, p <0.05) and the dimensions of spiritual development (r = 0.35, p<0.01) and interpersonal relations (r = 0.29, p <0.01). Likewise, glucose level, one of the parameters of the health condition, was inversely related to the health-promoting lifestyle (r = -0.20, p <0.05) and to the dimensions of physical activity (r = -0.24, p <0.01) and stress management (r = -0.24, p <0.01). RESULTS: Participants ranged between 24 and 72 years of age (mean = 45), 61.6% were women, 49.1% worked the day shift, and 59.8% worked as teaching staff. With respect to health problems diagnosed: 17.0% had high blood pressure, 4.5% type II diabetes mellitus, and 4.5% suffer both diseases; 46.4% were found with overweight condition and 23.9% with some degree of obesity. The general index of health-promoting lifestyle was of 39.2 points (medium level) and assertiveness of 74.5 points (high level). A positive and significant relationship was found between assertiveness and the general index of the health-promoting lifestyle (r = 0.22, p <0.05) and the dimensions of spiritual development (r = 0.35, p<0.01) and interpersonal relations (r = 0.29, p <0.01). Likewise, glucose level, one of the parameters of the health condition, was inversely related to the health-promoting lifestyle (r = -0.20, p <0.05) and to the dimensions of physical activity (r = -0.24, p <0.01) and stress management (r = -0.24, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings show the relationship between the health-promoting lifestyle and assertiveness in university workers studied, which justifies the design of educational interventions from nursing aimed at improving these aspects.

Estrés laboral y su efecto biopsicosocial en el cuidado de enfermería / Job stress and its biopsychosocial effect on nursing care

Resumen:

El estrés laboral es un fenómeno de índole mundial por las altas cifras de prevalencia; por esta situación, hoy en día es considerado como la enfermedad del siglo XXI. En la actualidad, México ocupa el primer lugar a nivel mundial superando a China y Estados Unidos. El efecto biopsicosocial se origina por las reacciones fisiológicas que activan el eje hipofisosuprarrenal y el sistema nervioso vegetativo, con lo cual se produce una liberación hormonal que excita, regula o inhibe la actividad de los órganos. Por lo tanto, enfermería debe contemplar la implementación de intervenciones no farmacológicas enfocadas a las respuestas fisiológicas, cognitivas y conductuales, así como a nivel organizacional e individual, ya que estas intervenciones no solo reflejan la factibilidad económica, humana y política sino que han demostrado la disminución del estrés laboral un mes después de la intervención. Para lograr esto, enfermería deberá considerar como parte de su formación profesional el manejo y dominio de técnicas educacionales y de tratamiento alternativo para potenciar las acciones de cuidado, pero sobre todo, los resultados en materia de salud.

Abstract:

The occupational stress is a phenomenon of global nature by high prevalence rates; situation which, today, is considered as the disease of the 21st century. At the present, Mexico ranks the first worldwide surpassing China and United States. The biopsychosocial effect is caused by the physiological reactions that activate the pituitary-adrenal axis and the Vegetative Nervous System, whereby a hormone release occurs what the excited, regulates or inhibits the activity of the organs. Therefore, nurses should consider the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions focused on the physiological, cognitive and behavioral responses as well as organizational and individual level, as these interventions not only reflect the economic, human and political feasibility but have demonstrated a decreased of occupational stress a month after the intervention. To accomplish this, nursing should consider as part of their job training the management and control of instructional techniques and alternative treatment to potentiate the actions of care, but above all, the results in health.

Comprender, castigar o ejemplificar: ¿Qué hacer ante las adicciones? / To understand, to punish or to exemplify: What to do when confronted with addictions?

El fenómeno de las adicciones se ha convertido en una problemática que afecta a la población en general, por lo que este artículo tiene por objetivo reflexionar si las conductas adictivas que desarrollan las personas son conductas normales ante las exigencias sociales o conductas aprendidas que observan dentro de la familia. Asimismo, destaca la importancia que implica educar desde el núcleo familiar para prevenir el uso de drogas

Today the phenomenon of addiction has become a problem that affects the general population. This article aims to reflect on whether addictive behaviors of individuals are normal responses to social demands or learned conducts observed within the family. It involves the importance of education within the family to prevent drug use

O fenômeno da dependência transformou-se numa problemática que afeta a população em geral. Por isso, este artigo visa refletir a respeito de se as dependências que desenvolvem as pessoas são condutas normais perante as exigências sociais ou condutas adquiridas na família. Salienta também a importância da prevenção no próprio núcleo familiar contra o uso de drogas

Estudio comparativo en el comportamiento anterior y actual del dependiente de alcohol en proceso de rehabilitación / Comparative study on the previous and current behavior of the alcohol dependent in rehabilitation process

Introducción: En México, el alcoholismo representa el 11.3% de la carga total de enfermedades, 49% de los suicidios, 38% de los homicidios y 38% de los casos de lesiones, particularmente entre jóvenes de 15 a 25 años de edad. Estos datos brindan un panorama sobre lo que el consumo de alcohol genera a nivel del comportamiento, y que por consecuencia, se ve reflejado en las acciones que realiza la persona. Objetivo: Proponer una red conceptual entre el comportamiento anterior y actual del dependiente de alcohol en el proceso de rehabilitación.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, transversal; con una muestra de 8 sujetos adscritos al Grupo de Alcohólicos Anónimos seleccionados aleatoriamente. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el instrumento “Cuestionario para valorar el comportamiento del dependiente de alcohol”. El análisis de datos se realizó bajo los conceptos de la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: Existe mayor prevalencia de consumo en individuos de 26, 27 y 30 años. El análisis cualitativo permitió establecer una red conceptual entre el comportamiento anterior y actual del dependiente de alcohol en el proceso de rehabilitación, la cual refleja una evolución de conducta violenta a conducta positiva por la influencia del Grupo de Alcohólicos Anónimos. Discusión: La ingesta inmoderada de bebidas alcohólicas es capaz de perturbar la conducta y convertir gradualmente al hombre en un agresor potencial; sin embargo, algunos pueden tomar una conducta de aislamiento. Conclusiones:La participación dentro del grupo permite un cambio de conducta al identificar las experiencias de otras personas, facilitando así, la reintegración social.

Introduction: In Mexico, alcoholism represents 11.3% of the total disease burden, 49% of suicides, 38% of homicides and 38% of injury cases, particularly in youngs of 15 and 25 years old. These data provide an overview of what the alcohol level generates in the behavior, and consequently, is the reflected in the actions taken by the person. Objective: To propose a conceptual network between the previous and current behavior of the dependent on alcohol in the rehabilitation process. Material and Methods: Qualitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study; with a sample of 8 subjects assigned to Group AA randomly selected. By the collect of data was used the instrument "Questionnaire to assess the behavior of dependent alcohol". The data analysis was performed under the concepts of Grounded Theory. Results: There is higher prevalence in individuals of 26, 27 and 30 aged. The qualitative analysis enabled a conceptual network between the previous and current behavior in the dependent of alcohol in rehabilitation process, which reflects an evolution of violent behavior a positive behavior by the influence of Alcoholics Anonymous Group. Discussion: The immoderate consumption of alcohol can disrupt the behavior and gradually turn the man in a potential aggressor; however, some may take conduct of isolation. Conclusions: The participation in the group allows a behavioral change by identifying the experiences of others, facilitating the social reintegration.

Consumo de drogas psicotrópicas y capacidades de autocuidado en mujeres de Tepic, Nayarit / Psychotropic drug consumption and self-caring capabilities of women in Tepic, Nayarit

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de drogas psicotrópicas y la capacidad de autocuidado en las mujeres. Material y métodos: Estudio no experimental, cuantitativo, aplicado, prolectivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 33 mujeres que consumen drogas psicotrópicas de la colonia Tierra y Libertad de Tepic, Nayarit. Resultados: El 73% son solteras, 51.5% tiene depresión, 21.2% insomnio y 15.2% ansiedad. El 69.7% reportó un tiempo de consumo de drogas psicotrópicas de 1 a 5 años. El 75.8% no realiza técnicas para controlar la depresión, estrés o ansiedad; 78.8% no realiza algún ejercicio, 54.5% no saben las consecuencias de las drogas psicotrópicas, 48.5% no resuelve los problemas que se le presentan cotidianamente en la vida y el 36.4% no le agrada convivir con su familia y amigos. Se encontró un alto nivel de conocimientos 64% y un nivel bajo de habilidades y actitudes en el 82% y 53% respectivamente. Al aplicar índice eta (η) con una p<0.05 entre las capacidades de autocuidado y el consumo de drogas psicotrópicas, se encontró una asociación y diferencia entre estas dos variables, aceptándose la hipótesis de investigación e hipótesis alterna. Conclusiones: Existe una asociación y diferencias significativas entre las variables capacidades de autocuidado y el consumo de drogas psicotrópicas (AU)

Objective: To determine the association between the consumption of psychotropic drugs and the capabilities of self-care in women. Materials and Methods: a non-experimental, quantitative, applied, simultaneous, and cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample was made up of 33 women that consume psychotropic drugs in the Tierra and Libertad neighborhoods in Tepic, Nayarit. Results: Of those studied, 73% were single, 51.5% suffer with depression, 21.2% suffer with insomnia and 15.2% with anxiety. More than half (69.7%) reported a duration of psychotropic drug consumption of between 1 and 5 years. The majority (75.8%) did not use any techniques to control depression, stress, nor anxiety, and 78.8% did not do any exercise. Just over half (54.5%) were not aware of the consequences of psychotropic drug use, 48.5% do not resolve daily life problems, and 36.4% do not like living with friends and family. We found a high level of knowledge (64%) and a low level of skills and attitudes (82% and 53% respectively). By applying the eta (η) index with p<0.05 between the self-care skills and the consumption of psychotropic drugs, an association and difference between these variables was find, leading to the acceptance of the hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. Conclusions: There are significant associations and differences between the variables in the self-care ability and the consumption of psychotropic drugs (AU)

Violencia perpetrada por compañeros íntimos en mujeres / Intimate partner violence against women

Este estudio tuvo como objetivos identificar la violencia física, psicológica y social entre mujeres y su relación con la autoestima. Fueron entrevistadas 300 mujeres que asistieron al CENAVI -México, en 2003/4 víctimas de violencia por su compañero íntimo. Se utilizaron 2 instrumentos para colectar los datos: QIVM – Cuestionario de identificación de la violencia en la Mujer y la Escala de Autoestima. De las 300 mujeres entre 16 y 65 años, 66% son casadas, 75% están con el mismo compañero. La escolaridad estuvo distribuida en todos los niveles y 88% son católicas. Con el Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman y el análisis multivariado se observó que existe relación entre violencia y autoestima; se encontró que las mujeres con más edad tienen más violencia y corresponden a los menores índices de auto-estima, además existe relación entre el tiempo de convivencia con su compañero y los antecedentes familiares de violencia con la autoestima de las mujeres maltratadas

This study aimed to identify physical, psychological and social violence among among, its relation to self-esteem and the experience of living with violence. We interviewed 300 women who atended the CENAVI -Mexico in 2003/4 and were victims of intimate partner violence. Two data collection instruments were used: QIVM – Questionnaire for the identification of violence in women and the Self-Esteem Scale. Participants were between 16 and 65 years old; possessed different education levels; 66% were married; 75% were living with the same partner and 88% were Catholic. Spearman’s test and multivariate analysis revealed a relation between violence and self-esteem; the higher the age and violence levels, the lower these women’s self-esteem. We also found a relation between time spent living with the aggressor, family antecedents of violence and the victims’ self-esteem (AU)

Violence against women: theoretical reflections

Violence appears in different forms and circumstances and involves distinct kinds of violent acts against children, women, elderly and other defenseless persons. This serious problem, which degrades women's integrity, is denoted by terms like domestic violence, gender violence and violence against women. Gender violence can appear as physical, psychological, sexual, economic violence, as well as violence at work. Violence against women committed by their intimate partners can be analyzed through the Ecological Model, which explains the close relation between individuals and their environment. Factors influencing people's behavior towards this violence should be analyzed with a view to establishing help programs.

La violencia se manifiesta de diferentes formas, en distintas circunstancias y con diversos tipos de actos dirigidos a niños, mujeres, ancianos y otras personas indefensas. Violencia domestica, violencia de genero y violencia contra mujeres son términos utilizados para denominar este grave problema que degrada la integridad de la mujer. La violencia de género puede manifestarse a través de violencia física, violencia psicológica, violencia sexual, violencia económica y violencia en el trabajo. La violencia sufrida por la mujer por parte de su compañero íntimo puede ser analizada a través del Modelo Ecológico que explica la estrecha relación entre el individuo y su entorno. Se concluyo que es importante analizar los factores que influyen en el comportamiento de las personas frente a la violencia para establecer programas de ayuda.

A violência manifesta-se de diferentes formas, em distintas circunstâncias e com diversos tipos de atos violentos dirigidos a crianças, mulheres, idosos e outros indefesos. Violência doméstica, violência de gênero e violência contra mulheres são termos utilizados para denominar este grave problema que degrada a integridade da mulher. A violência de gênero pode manifestar-se através de violência física, violência psicológica, violência sexual, violência econômica e violência no trabalho. A violência sofrida pela mulher por parte de seu companheiro intimo pode ser analisada através do Modelo Ecológico, que explica a estreita relação entre o indivíduo e seu entorno. Concluiu-se que é importante analisar os fatores que influem no comportamento das pessoas frente à violência para se estabelecer programas de ajuda.

Violência perpetrada por companheiros íntimos às mulheres em Celaya-México

A mulher tem sido vítima de violência por parte de seu companheiro e se sabe que esta repercute em sua saúde. Ao realizar práticas de enfermagem em comunidades detectou-se o fenômeno de vi olência assim como uma atitude de submissão e abnegação da mulher. Estas situações motivaram a presente investigação. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1-descrever o perfil da mulher que procura atendimento no CENAVI por sofrer violência de seu parceiro íntimo e 2-identificar a violência física, psicológica e social entre estas mulheres e sua relação com sua auto-estima. Foram entrevistadas 300 mulheres, vítimas de violência, que procuraram o CENAVI-Centro de Atenção a Vítimas de Violência Intra-familiar, de novembro de 2003 a abril de 2004. Utilizou-se 2 instrumentos para a coleta de dados: o QIVM-Questionário para a Identificação da violência na Mulher e a Escala de Auto-estima de Janis e Field. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê da Bioética em Celaya/México. A coleta de dados foi realizada no CENAVI-México, com o Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido das mulheres. As entrevistas duraram entre 25 a 30 minutos O perfil sócio-demográfico indica uma amostra de 300 mulheres entre 16 a 65 anos, sendo 66% casadas e 75% assinalou estar com o mesmo parceiro. ...